System and method for secure messaging in a hybrid peer-to-peer network

ABSTRACT

An improved system and method are disclosed for peer-to-peer communications. In one example, the method enables endpoints to securely send and receive messages to one another within a hybrid peer-to-peer environment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/107,274, filed Dec. 16, 2013, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SECURE MESSAGING IN A HYBRID PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,143,489, issued on Sep. 22, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/821,939, filed Jun. 23, 2010, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SECURE MESSAGING IN A HYBRID PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,611,540, issued Dec. 17, 2013, the specifications of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application incorporates by reference in their entirety U.S. Pat. No. 7,570,636, filed on Aug. 30, 2005, and entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TRAVERSING A NAT DEVICE FOR PEER-TO-PEER HYBRID COMMUNICATIONS, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/705,925, filed on Feb. 15, 2010, and entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STRATEGIC ROUTING IN A PEER-TO-PEER ENVIRONMENT.

BACKGROUND

Current packet-based communication networks may be generally divided into peer-to-peer networks and client/server networks. Traditional peer-to-peer networks support direct communication between various endpoints without the use of an intermediary device (e.g., a host or server). Each endpoint may initiate requests directly to other endpoints and respond to requests from other endpoints using credential and address information stored on each endpoint. However, because traditional peer-to-peer networks include the distribution and storage of endpoint information (e.g., addresses and credentials) throughout the network on the various insecure endpoints, such networks inherently have an increased security risk. While a client/server model addresses the security problem inherent in the peer-to-peer model by localizing the storage of credentials and address information on a server, a disadvantage of client/server networks is that the server may be unable to adequately support the number of clients that are attempting to communicate with it. As all communications (even between two clients) must pass through the server, the server can rapidly become a bottleneck in the system.

Accordingly, what is needed are a system and method that addresses these issues.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a simplified network diagram of one embodiment of a hybrid peer-to-peer system.

FIG. 2a illustrates one embodiment of an access server architecture that may be used within the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2b illustrates one embodiment of an endpoint architecture that may be used within the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2c illustrates one embodiment of components within the endpoint architecture of FIG. 2b that may be used for cellular network connectivity.

FIG. 2d illustrates a traditional softswitch configuration with two endpoints.

FIG. 2e illustrates a traditional softswitch configuration with three endpoints and a media bridge.

FIG. 2f illustrates one embodiment of the present disclosure with two endpoints, each of which includes a softswitch.

FIG. 2g illustrates one embodiment of the present disclosure with three endpoints, each of which includes a softswitch.

FIG. 3a is a sequence diagram illustrating the interaction of various components of FIG. 2b when placing a call.

FIG. 3b is a sequence diagram illustrating the interaction of various components of FIG. 2b when receiving a call.

FIG. 4 is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary process by which an endpoint of FIG. 1 may be authenticated and communicate with another endpoint.

FIG. 5 is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary process by which an endpoint of FIG. 1 may determine the status of another endpoint.

FIG. 6 is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary process by which an access server of FIG. 1 may aid an endpoint in establishing communications with another endpoint.

FIG. 7 is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary process by which an endpoint of FIG. 1 may request that it be added to the buddy list of another endpoint that is currently online.

FIG. 8 is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary process by which an endpoint of FIG. 1 may request that it be added to the buddy list of another endpoint that is currently offline.

FIG. 9 is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary process by which an endpoint of FIG. 1 may request that it be added to the buddy list of another endpoint that is currently offline before it too goes offline.

FIG. 10 is a simplified diagram of another embodiment of a peer-to-peer system that includes a stateless reflector that may aid an endpoint in traversing a NAT device to communicate with another endpoint.

FIG. 11 is a table illustrating various NAT types and illustrative embodiments of processes that may be used to traverse each NAT type within the system of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is a sequence diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process from the table of FIG. 11 in greater detail.

FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of a modified packet that may be used within the process of FIG. 12.

FIGS. 14-18 are sequence diagrams that each illustrate an embodiment of a process from the table of FIG. 11 in greater detail.

FIGS. 19A and 19B are simplified diagrams of another embodiment of a peer-to-peer system that includes multiple possible routes between endpoints.

FIG. 20 is a sequence diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process that may be executed by endpoints within the system of FIGS. 19A and 19B.

FIG. 21 is a sequence diagram illustrating one embodiment of steps from the sequence diagram of FIG. 20 in greater detail.

FIG. 22 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a method that may be executed by an endpoint within the system of FIGS. 19A and 19B.

FIGS. 23A and 23B are simplified diagrams of another embodiment of a peer-to-peer system that includes a tunneling server and multiple possible routes between endpoints.

FIG. 24 is a sequence diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process that may be executed by endpoints within the system of FIGS. 23A and 23B.

FIG. 25 is a simplified diagram of another embodiment of a peer-to-peer environment in which secure messaging may be used between endpoints.

FIG. 26 is a sequence diagram illustrating one embodiment of a message sequence that may occur when messages are being securely communicated between endpoints within the environment of FIG. 25.

FIG. 27 is a sequence diagram illustrating one embodiment of a message sequence that may occur when an encryption key associated with an endpoint is being changed within the environment of FIG. 25.

FIG. 28 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a method that may be executed by an endpoint to send a secure message to another endpoint within the environment of FIG. 25.

FIG. 29 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a method that may be executed by an endpoint to receive a secure message from another endpoint within the environment of FIG. 25.

FIG. 30 is a simplified diagram of one embodiment of a computer system that may be used in embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is directed to a system and method for peer-to-peer hybrid communications. It is understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments or examples. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Referring to FIG. 1, one embodiment of a peer-to-peer hybrid system 100 is illustrated. The system 100 includes an access server 102 that is coupled to endpoints 104 and 106 via a packet network 108. Communication between the access server 102, endpoint 104, and endpoint 106 is accomplished using predefined and publicly available (i.e., non-proprietary) communication standards or protocols (e.g., those defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) or the International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Standard Sector (ITU-T)). For example, signaling communications (e.g., session setup, management, and teardown) may use a protocol such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), while actual data traffic may be communicated using a protocol such as the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). As will be seen in the following examples, the use of standard protocols for communication enables the endpoints 104 and 106 to communicate with any device that uses the same standards. The communications may include, but are not limited to, voice calls, instant messages, audio and video, emails, and any other type of resource transfer, where a resource represents any digital data. In the following description, media traffic is generally based on the user datagram protocol (UDP), while authentication is based on the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP). However, it is understood that these are used for purposes of example and that other protocols may be used in addition to or instead of UDP and TCP/IP.

Connections between the access server 102, endpoint 104, and endpoint 106 may include wireline and/or wireless communication channels. In the following description, it is understood that the term “direct” means that there is no endpoint or access server in the communication channel(s) between the endpoints 104 and 106, or between either endpoint and the access server. Accordingly, the access server 102, endpoint 104, and endpoint 106 are directly connected even if other devices (e.g., routers, firewalls, and other network elements) are positioned between them. In addition, connections to endpoints, locations, or services may be subscription based, with an endpoint only having access if the endpoint has a current subscription. Furthermore, the following description may use the terms “user” and “endpoint” interchangeably, although it is understood that a user may be using any of a plurality of endpoints. Accordingly, if an endpoint logs in to the network, it is understood that the user is logging in via the endpoint and that the endpoint represents the user on the network using the user's identity.

The access server 102 stores profile information for a user, a session table to track what users are currently online, and a routing table that matches the address of an endpoint to each online user. The profile information includes a “buddy list” for each user that identifies other users (“buddies”) that have previously agreed to communicate with the user. Online users on the buddy list will show up when a user logs in, and buddies who log in later will directly notify the user that they are online (as described with respect to FIG. 4). The access server 102 provides the relevant profile information and routing table to each of the endpoints 104 and 106 so that the endpoints can communicate directly with one another. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, one function of the access server 102 is to serve as a storage location for information needed by an endpoint in order to communicate with other endpoints and as a temporary storage location for requests, voicemails, etc., as will be described later in greater detail.

With additional reference to FIG. 2a , one embodiment of an architecture 200 for the access server 102 of FIG. 1 is illustrated. The architecture 200 includes functionality that may be provided by hardware and/or software, and that may be combined into a single hardware platform or distributed among multiple hardware platforms. For purposes of illustration, the access server in the following examples is described as a single device, but it is understood that the term applies equally to any type of environment (including a distributed environment) in which at least a portion of the functionality attributed to the access server is present.

In the present example, the architecture includes web services 202 (e.g., based on functionality provided by XML, SOAP, .NET, MONO), web server 204 (using, for example, Apache or IIS), and database 206 (using, for example, mySQL or SQLServer) for storing and retrieving routing tables 208, profiles 210, and one or more session tables 212. Functionality for a STUN (Simple Traversal of UDP through NATs (Network Address Translation)) server 214 is also present in the architecture 200. As is known, STUN is a protocol for assisting devices that are behind a NAT firewall or router with their packet routing. The architecture 200 may also include a redirect server 216 for handling requests originating outside of the system 100. One or both of the STUN server 214 and redirect server 216 may be incorporated into the access server 102 or may be a standalone device. In the present embodiment, both the server 204 and the redirect server 216 are coupled to the database 206.

Referring to FIG. 2b , one embodiment of an architecture 250 for the endpoint 104 (which may be similar or identical to the endpoint 106) of FIG. 1 is illustrated. It is understood that that term “endpoint” may refer to many different devices having some or all of the described functionality, including a computer, a VoIP telephone, a personal digital assistant, a cellular phone, or any other device having an IP stack upon which the needed protocols may be run. Such devices generally include a network interface, a controller coupled to the network interface, a memory coupled to the controller, and instructions executable by the controller and stored in the memory for performing the functions described in the present application. Data needed by an endpoint may also be stored in the memory. The architecture 250 includes an endpoint engine 252 positioned between a graphical user interface (GUI) 254 and an operating system 256. The GUI 254 provides user access to the endpoint engine 252, while the operating system 256 provides underlying functionality, as is known to those of skill in the art.

The endpoint engine 252 may include multiple components and layers that support the functionality required to perform the operations of the endpoint 104. For example, the endpoint engine 252 includes a softswitch 258, a management layer 260, an encryption/decryption module 262, a feature layer 264, a protocol layer 266, a speech-to-text engine 268, a text-to-speech engine 270, a language conversion engine 272, an out-of-network connectivity module 274, a connection from other networks module 276, a p-commerce (e.g., peer commerce) engine 278 that includes a p-commerce agent and a p-commerce broker, and a cellular network interface module 280.

Each of these components/layers may be further divided into multiple modules. For example, the softswitch 258 includes a call control module, an instant messaging (IM) control module, a resource control module, a CALEA (Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act) agent, a media control module, a peer control module, a signaling agent, a fax control module, and a routing module.

The management layer 260 includes modules for presence (i.e., network presence), peer management (detecting peers and notifying peers of being online), firewall management (navigation and management), media management, resource management, profile management, authentication, roaming, fax management, and media playback/recording management.

The encryption/decryption module 262 provides encryption for outgoing packets and decryption for incoming packets. In the present example, the encryption/decryption module 262 provides application level encryption at the source, rather than at the network. However, it is understood that the encryption/decryption module 262 may provide encryption at the network in some embodiments.

The feature layer 264 provides support for various features such as voice, video, IM, data, voicemail, file transfer, file sharing, class 5 features, short message service (SMS), interactive voice response (IVR), faxes, and other resources. The protocol layer 266 includes protocols supported by the endpoint, including SIP, HTTP, HTTPS, STUN, RTP, SRTP, and ICMP. It is understood that these are examples only, and that fewer or more protocols may be supported.

The speech-to-text engine 268 converts speech received by the endpoint (e.g., via a microphone or network) into text, the text-to-speech engine 270 converts text received by the endpoint into speech (e.g., for output via a speaker), and the language conversion engine 272 may be configured to convert inbound or outbound information (text or speech) from one language to another language. The out-of-network connectivity module 274 may be used to handle connections between the endpoint and external devices (as described with respect to FIG. 12), and the connection from other networks module 276 handles incoming connection attempts from external devices. The cellular network interface module 280 may be used to interact with a wireless network.

With additional reference to FIG. 2c , the cellular network interface module 280 is illustrated in greater detail. Although not shown in FIG. 2b , the softswitch 258 of the endpoint architecture 250 includes a cellular network interface for communication with the cellular network interface module 280. In addition, the cellular network interface module 280 includes various components such as a call control module, a signaling agent, a media manager, a protocol stack, and a device interface. It is noted that these components may correspond to layers within the endpoint architecture 250 and may be incorporated directly into the endpoint architecture in some embodiments.

Referring to FIG. 2d , a traditional softswitch architecture is illustrated with two endpoints 282 and 284, neither of which includes a softswitch. In the present example, an external softswitch 286 maintains a first signaling leg (dotted line) with the endpoint 282 and a second signaling leg (dotted line) with the endpoint 284. The softswitch 286 links the two legs to pass signaling information between the endpoints 282 and 284. Media traffic (solid lines) may be transferred between the endpoints 282 and 284 via a media gateway 287.

With additional reference to FIG. 2e , the traditional softswitch architecture of FIG. 2d is illustrated with a third endpoint 288 that also does not include a softswitch. The external softswitch 286 now maintains a third signaling leg (dotted line) with the endpoint 288. In the present example, a conference call is underway. However, as none of the endpoints includes a softswitch, a media bridge 290 connected to each endpoint is needed for media traffic. Accordingly, each endpoint has at most two concurrent connections—one with the softswitch for signaling and another with the media bridge for media traffic.

Referring to FIG. 2f , in one embodiment, unlike the traditional architecture of FIGS. 2d and 2e , two endpoints (e.g., the endpoints 104 and 106 of FIG. 1) each include a softswitch (e.g., the softswitch 258 of FIG. 2b ). Each endpoint is able to establish and maintain both signaling and media traffic connections (both virtual and physical legs) with the other endpoint. Accordingly, no external softswitch is needed, as this model uses a distributed softswitch method to handle communications directly between the endpoints.

With additional reference to FIG. 2g , the endpoints 104 and 106 are illustrated with another endpoint 292 that also contains a softswitch. In this example, a conference call is underway with the endpoint 104 acting as the host. To accomplish this, the softswitch contained in the endpoint 104 enables the endpoint 104 to support direct signaling and media traffic connections with the endpoint 292. The endpoint 104 can then forward media traffic from the endpoint 106 to the endpoint 292 and vice versa. Accordingly, the endpoint 104 may support multiple connections to multiple endpoints and, as in FIG. 2f , no external softswitch is needed.

Referring again to FIG. 2b , in operation, the softswitch 258 uses functionality provided by underlying layers to handle connections with other endpoints and the access server 102, and to handle services needed by the endpoint 104. For example, as is described below in greater detail with respect to FIGS. 3a and 3b , incoming and outgoing calls may utilize multiple components within the endpoint architecture 250.

Referring to FIG. 3a , a sequence diagram 300 illustrates an exemplary process by which the endpoint 104 may initiate a call to the endpoint 106 using various components of the architecture 250. Prior to step 302, a user (not shown) initiates a call via the GUI 254. In step 302, the GUI 254 passes a message to the call control module (of the softswitch 258) to make the call. The call control module contacts the peer control module (softswitch 258) in step 304, which detects the peer (if not already done), goes to the routing table (softswitch 258) for the routing information, and performs similar operations. It is understood that not all interactions are illustrated. For example, the peer control module may utilize the peer management module (of the management layer 260) for the peer detection. The call control module then identifies a route for the call in step 306, and sends message to the SIP protocol layer (of the protocol layer 266) to make the call in step 308. In step 310, the outbound message is encrypted (using the encryption/decryption module 262) and the message is sent to the network via the OS 256 in step 312.

After the message is sent and prior to receiving a response, the call control module instructs the media control module (softswitch 258) to establish the needed near-end media in step 314. The media control module passes the instruction to the media manager (of the management layer 260) in step 316, which handles the establishment of the near-end media.

With additional reference to FIG. 3b , the message sent by the endpoint 104 in step 312 (FIG. 3a ) is received by the endpoint 106 and passed from the OS to the SIP protocol layer in step 352. The message is decrypted in step 354 and the call is offered to the call control module in step 356. The call control module notifies the GUI of an incoming call in step 358 and the GUI receives input identifying whether the call is accepted or rejected (e.g., by a user) in step 360. In the present example, the call is accepted and the GUI passes the acceptance to the call control module in step 362. The call control module contacts the peer control module in step 364, which identifies a route to the calling endpoint and returns the route to the call control module in step 366. In steps 368 and 370, the call control module informs the SIP protocol layer that the call has been accepted and the message is encrypted using the encryption/decryption module. The acceptance message is then sent to the network via the OS in step 372.

In the present example, after the call control module passes the acceptance message to the SIP protocol layer, other steps may occur to prepare the endpoint 106 for the call. For example, the call control module instructs the media control module to establish near-end media in step 374, and the media control module instructs the media manager to start listening to incoming media in step 376. The call control module also instructs the media control module to establish far-end media (step 378), and the media control module instructs the media manager to start transmitting audio in step 380.

Returning to FIG. 3a , the message sent by the endpoint 106 (step 372) is received by the OS and passed on to the SIP protocol layer in step 318 and decrypted in step 320. The message (indicating that the call has been accepted) is passed to the call control module in step 322 and from there to the GUI in step 324. The call control module then instructs the media control module to establish far-end media in step 326, and the media control module instructs the media manager to start transmitting audio in step 328.

The following figures are sequence diagrams that illustrate various exemplary functions and operations by which the access server 102 and the endpoints 104 and 106 may communicate. It is understood that these diagrams are not exhaustive and that various steps may be excluded from the diagrams to clarify the aspect being described.

Referring to FIG. 4 (and using the endpoint 104 as an example), a sequence diagram 400 illustrates an exemplary process by which the endpoint 104 may authenticate with the access server 102 and then communicate with the endpoint 106. As will be described, after authentication, all communication (both signaling and media traffic) between the endpoints 104 and 106 occurs directly without any intervention by the access server 102. In the present example, it is understood that neither endpoint is online at the beginning of the sequence, and that the endpoints 104 and 106 are “buddies.” As described above, buddies are endpoints that have both previously agreed to communicate with one another.

In step 402, the endpoint 104 sends a registration and/or authentication request message to the access server 102. If the endpoint 104 is not registered with the access server 102, the access server will receive the registration request (e.g., user ID, password, and email address) and will create a profile for the endpoint (not shown). The user ID and password will then be used to authenticate the endpoint 104 during later logins. It is understood that the user ID and password may enable the user to authenticate from any endpoint, rather than only the endpoint 104.

Upon authentication, the access server 102 updates a session table residing on the server to indicate that the user ID currently associated with the endpoint 104 is online. The access server 102 also retrieves a buddy list associated with the user ID currently used by the endpoint 104 and identifies which of the buddies (if any) are online using the session table. As the endpoint 106 is currently offline, the buddy list will reflect this status. The access server 102 then sends the profile information (e.g., the buddy list) and a routing table to the endpoint 104 in step 404. The routing table contains address information for online members of the buddy list. It is understood that steps 402 and 404 represent a make and break connection that is broken after the endpoint 104 receives the profile information and routing table.

In steps 406 and 408, the endpoint 106 and access server 102 repeat steps 402 and 404 as described for the endpoint 104. However, because the endpoint 104 is online when the endpoint 106 is authenticated, the profile information sent to the endpoint 106 will reflect the online status of the endpoint 104 and the routing table will identify how to directly contact it. Accordingly, in step 410, the endpoint 106 sends a message directly to the endpoint 104 to notify the endpoint 104 that the endpoint 106 is now online. This also provides the endpoint 104 with the address information needed to communicate directly with the endpoint 106. In step 412, one or more communication sessions may be established directly between the endpoints 104 and 106.

Referring to FIG. 5, a sequence diagram 500 illustrates an exemplary process by which authentication of an endpoint (e.g., the endpoint 104) may occur. In addition, after authentication, the endpoint 104 may determine whether it can communicate with the endpoint 106. In the present example, the endpoint 106 is online when the sequence begins.

In step 502, the endpoint 104 sends a request to the STUN server 214 of FIG. 2. As is known, the STUN server determines an outbound IP address (e.g., the external address of a device (i.e., a firewall, router, etc.) behind which the endpoint 104 is located), an external port, and a type of NAT used by the device. The type of NAT may be, for example, full cone, restricted cone, port restricted cone, or symmetric, each of which is discussed later in greater detail with respect to FIG. 10. The STUN server 214 sends a STUN response back to the endpoint 104 in step 504 with the collected information about the endpoint 104.

In step 506, the endpoint 104 sends an authentication request to the access server 102. The request contains the information about endpoint 104 received from the STUN server 214. In step 508, the access server 102 responds to the request by sending the relevant profile and routing table to the endpoint 104. The profile contains the external IP address, port, and NAT type for each of the buddies that are online.

In step 510, the endpoint 104 sends a message to notify the endpoint 106 of its online status (as the endpoint 106 is already online) and, in step 512, the endpoint 104 waits for a response. After the expiration of a timeout period within which no response is received from the endpoint 106, the endpoint 104 will change the status of the endpoint 106 from “online” (as indicated by the downloaded profile information) to “unreachable.” The status of a buddy may be indicated on a visual buddy list by the color of an icon associated with each buddy. For example, when logging in, online buddies may be denoted by a blue icon and offline buddies may be denoted by a red icon. If a response to a notify message is received for a buddy, the icon representing that buddy may be changed from blue to green to denote the buddy's online status. If no response is received, the icon remains blue to indicate that the buddy is unreachable. Although not shown, a message sent from the endpoint 106 and received by the endpoint 104 after step 514 would indicate that the endpoint 106 is now reachable and would cause the endpoint 104 to change the status of the endpoint 106 to online. Similarly, if the endpoint 104 later sends a message to the endpoint 106 and receives a response, then the endpoint 104 would change the status of the endpoint 106 to online.

It is understood that other embodiments may implement alternate NAT traversal techniques. For example, a single payload technique may be used in which TCP/IP packets are used to traverse a UDP restricted firewall or router. Another example includes the use of a double payload in which a UDP packet is inserted into a TCP/IP packet. Furthermore, it is understood that protocols other than STUN may be used. For example, protocols such as Internet Connectivity Establishment (ICE) or Traversal Using Relay NAT (TURN) may be used.

Referring to FIG. 6, a sequence diagram 600 illustrates an exemplary process by which the access server 102 may aid the endpoint 104 in establishing communications with the endpoint 106 (which is a buddy). After rendering aid, the access server 102 is no longer involved and the endpoints may communicate directly. In the present example, the endpoint 106 is behind a NAT device that will only let a message in (towards the endpoint 106) if the endpoint 106 has sent a message out. Unless this process is bypassed, the endpoint 104 will be unable to connect to the endpoint 106. For example, the endpoint 104 will be unable to notify the endpoint 106 that it is now online.

In step 602, the endpoint 106 sends a request to the STUN server 214 of FIG. 2. As described previously, the STUN server determines an outbound IP address, an external port, and a type of NAT for the endpoint 106. The STUN server 214 sends a STUN response back to the endpoint 106 in step 604 with the collected information about the endpoint 106. In step 606, the endpoint 106 sends an authentication request to the access server 102. The request contains the information about endpoint 106 received from the STUN server 214. In step 608, the access server 102 responds to the request by sending the relevant profile and routing table to the endpoint 106. In the present example, the access server 102 identifies the NAT type associated with the endpoint 106 as being a type that requires an outbound packet to be sent before an inbound packet is allowed to enter. Accordingly, the access server 102 instructs the endpoint 106 to send periodic messages to the access server 102 to establish and maintain a pinhole through the NAT device. For example, the endpoint 106 may send a message prior to the timeout period of the NAT device in order to reset the timeout period. In this manner, the pinhole may be kept open indefinitely.

In steps 612 and 614, the endpoint 104 sends a STUN request to the STUN server 214 and the STUN server responds as previously described. In step 616, the endpoint 104 sends an authentication request to the access server 102. The access server 102 retrieves the buddy list for the endpoint 104 and identifies the endpoint 106 as being associated with a NAT type that will block communications from the endpoint 104. Accordingly, in step 618, the access server 102 sends an assist message to the endpoint 106. The assist message instructs the endpoint 106 to send a message to the endpoint 104, which opens a pinhole in the NAT device for the endpoint 104. For security purposes, as the access server 102 has the STUN information for the endpoint 104, the pinhole opened by the endpoint 106 may be specifically limited to the endpoint associated with the STUN information. Furthermore, the access server 102 may not request such a pinhole for an endpoint that is not on the buddy list of the endpoint 106.

The access server 104 sends the profile and routing table to the endpoint 104 in step 620. In step 622, the endpoint 106 sends a message (e.g., a ping packet) to the endpoint 104. The endpoint 104 may then respond to the message and notify the endpoint 106 that it is now online. If the endpoint 106 does not receive a reply from the endpoint 104 within a predefined period of time, it may close the pinhole (which may occur simply by not sending another message and letting the pinhole time out). Accordingly, the difficulty presented by the NAT device may be overcome using the assist message, and communications between the two endpoints may then occur without intervention by the access server 102.

Referring to FIG. 7, a sequence diagram 700 illustrates an exemplary process by which the endpoint 106 may request that it be added to the endpoint 104's buddy list. In the present example, the endpoints 104 and 106 both remain online during the entire process.

In step 702, the endpoint 104 sends a registration and/or authentication request message to the access server 102 as described previously. Upon authentication, the access server 102 updates a session table residing on the server to indicate that the user ID currently associated with the endpoint 104 is online. The access server 102 also retrieves a buddy list associated with the user ID currently used by the endpoint 104 and identifies which of the buddies (if any) are online using the session table. As the endpoint 106 is not currently on the buddy list, it will not be present. The access server 102 then sends the profile information and a routing table to the endpoint 104 in step 704.

In steps 706 and 708, the endpoint 106 and access server 102 repeat steps 702 and 704 as described for the endpoint 104. The profile information sent by the access server 102 to the endpoint 106 will not include the endpoint 104 because the two endpoints are not buddies.

In step 710, the endpoint 106 sends a message to the access server 102 requesting that the endpoint 104 be added to its buddy list. The access server 102 determines that the endpoint 104 is online (e.g., using the session table) in step 712 and sends the address for the endpoint 104 to the endpoint 106 in step 714. In step 716, the endpoint 106 sends a message directly to the endpoint 104 requesting that the endpoint 106 be added to its buddy list. The endpoint 104 responds to the endpoint 106 in step 718 with either permission or a denial, and the endpoint 104 also updates the access server 102 with the response in step 720. For example, if the response grants permission, then the endpoint 104 informs the access server 102 so that the access server can modify the profile of both endpoints to reflect the new relationship. It is understood that various other actions may be taken. For example, if the endpoint 104 denies the request, then the access server 102 may not respond to another request by the endpoint 106 (with respect to the endpoint 104) until a period of time has elapsed.

It is understood that many different operations may be performed with respect to a buddy list. For example, buddies may be deleted, blocked/unblocked, buddy status may be updated, and a buddy profile may be updated. For block/unblock, as well as status and profile updates, a message is first sent to the access server 102 by the endpoint requesting the action (e.g., the endpoint 104). Following the access server 102 update, the endpoint 104 sends a message to the peer being affected by the action (e.g., the endpoint 106).

Buddy deletion may be handled as follows. If the user of the endpoint 104 wants to delete a contact on a buddy list currently associated with the online endpoint 106, the endpoint 104 will first notify the access server 102 that the buddy is being deleted. The access server 102 then updates the profile of both users so that neither buddy list shows the other user as a buddy. Note that, in this instance, a unilateral action by one user will alter the profile of the other user. The endpoint 104 then sends a message directly to the endpoint 106 to remove the buddy (the user of the endpoint 104) from the buddy list of the user of endpoint 106 in real time. Accordingly, even though the user is online at endpoint 106, the user of the endpoint 104 will be removed from the buddy list of the endpoint 106

Referring to FIG. 8, a sequence diagram 800 illustrates an exemplary process by which the endpoint 106 may request that it be added to the endpoint 104's buddy list. In the present example, the endpoint 104 is not online until after the endpoint 106 has made its request.

In step 802, the endpoint 106 sends a registration and/or authentication request message to the access server 102 as described previously. Upon authentication, the access server 102 updates a session table residing on the server to indicate that the user ID currently associated with the endpoint 106 is online. The access server 102 also retrieves a buddy list associated with the user ID currently used by the endpoint 106 and identifies which of the buddies (if any) are online using the session table. The access server 102 then sends the profile information and a routing table to the endpoint 106 in step 804.

In step 806, the endpoint 106 sends a message to the access server 102 requesting that the endpoint 104 be added to its buddy list. The access server 102 determines that the endpoint 104 is offline in step 808 and temporarily stores the request message in step 810. In steps 812 and 814, the endpoint 104 and access server 102 repeat steps 802 and 804 as described for the endpoint 106. However, when the access server 102 sends the profile information and routing table to the endpoint 104, it also sends the request by the endpoint 106 (including address information for the endpoint 106).

In step 816, the endpoint 104 responds directly to the endpoint 106 with either permission or a denial. The endpoint 104 then updates the access server 102 with the result of the response in step 818 and also instructs the access server to delete the temporarily stored request.

Referring to FIG. 9, a sequence diagram 900 illustrates an exemplary process by which the endpoint 106 may request that it be added to the endpoint 104's buddy list. In the present example, the endpoint 104 is not online until after the endpoint 106 has made its request, and the endpoint 106 is not online to receive the response by endpoint 104.

In step 902, the endpoint 106 sends a registration and/or authentication request message to the access server 102 as described previously. Upon authentication, the access server 102 updates a session table residing on the server to indicate that the user ID currently associated with the endpoint 106 is online. The access server 102 also retrieves a buddy list associated with the user ID currently used by the endpoint 106 and identifies which of the buddies (if any) are online using the session table. The access server 102 then sends the profile information and a routing table to the endpoint 106 in step 904.

In step 906, the endpoint 106 sends a message to the access server 102 requesting that the endpoint 104 be added to its buddy list. The access server 102 determines that the endpoint 104 is offline in step 908 and temporarily stores the request message in step 910. In step 912, the endpoint 106 notifies the access server 102 that it is going offline.

In steps 914 and 916, the endpoint 104 and access server 102 repeat steps 902 and 904 as described for the endpoint 106. However, when the access server 102 sends the profile information and routing table to the endpoint 104, it also sends the request by the endpoint 106. Endpoint 104 sends its response to the access server 102 in step 918 and also instructs the access server to delete the temporarily stored request. After the endpoint 106's next authentication process, its profile information will include endpoint 104 as a buddy (assuming the endpoint 104 granted permission).

Referring to FIG. 10, in one embodiment, a system 1000 includes a stateless reflector 1002 and two endpoints 104 and 106, such as the endpoints 104 and 106 described with respect to the preceding figures. In the present example, each of the endpoints 104 and 106 are behind a device 1004, 1006, respectively, that monitors and regulates communication with its respective endpoint. Each device 1004, 1006 in the present example is a firewall having NAT technology. As described previously, a NAT device may present an obstacle in establishing a peer-to-peer connection because it may not allow unsolicited messages (e.g., it may require a packet to be sent out through the NAT device before allowing a packet in). For example, the NAT device 1006 positioned between the endpoint 106 and network 108 may only let a message in (towards the endpoint 106) if the endpoint 106 has sent a message out. Unless the NAT device's status is shifted from not soliciting messages from the endpoint 104 to soliciting messages from the endpoint 104, the endpoint 104 will be unable to connect to the endpoint 106. For example, the endpoint 104 will be unable to notify the endpoint 106 that it is now online.

As will be described below in greater detail, the stateless reflector 1002 is configured to receive one or more packets from an endpoint and reflect the packet to another endpoint after modifying information within the packet. This reflection process enables the endpoints 104 and 106 to communicate regardless of the presence and type of the NAT devices 1004 and 1006. The stateless reflector 1002 is stateless because state information (e.g., information relating to how an endpoint is to connect with other endpoints) is stored by the endpoints, as described previously. Accordingly, the stateless reflector 1002 processes header information contained within a packet without access to other information about the network or endpoints, such as the database 206 of FIG. 2a . Although only one stateless reflector 1002 is illustrated in FIG. 10, it is understood that multiple stateless reflectors may be provided, and that the endpoints 104 and 106 may each use a different stateless reflector. For example, an endpoint may be configured to use a particular stateless reflector or may select a stateless reflector based on location, NAT type, etc.

Although each endpoint 104, 106 is shown with a separate NAT device 1004, 1006, it is understood that multiple endpoints may be connected to the network 108 via a single NAT device. For example, a LAN may access the network 108 via a single NAT device, and all communications between the endpoints connected to the LAN and the network 108 must pass through the NAT device. However, communications between the endpoints within the LAN itself may occur directly, as previously described, because the endpoints are not communicating through the NAT device. Furthermore, if one of the endpoints 104 or 106 does not have a NAT device, then communications with that endpoint may occur directly as described above even if the endpoints are not in the same network.

Each NAT device 1004 and 1006 includes an internal IP address (on the side coupled to the endpoint 104 for the NAT device 1004 and the side coupled to the endpoint 106 for the NAT device 1006) and an external IP address (on the side coupled to the network 108 for both NAT devices). Each connection is also associated with an internal port and an external port. Therefore, each connection includes both internal IP address/port information and external IP address/port information.

Generally, a NAT device may be defined as full cone, restricted cone, port restricted cone, or symmetric. A full cone NAT is one where all requests from the same internal IP address and port are mapped to the same external IP address and port. Therefore, any external host can send a packet to the internal host by sending a packet to the mapped external address.

A restricted cone NAT is one where all requests from the same internal IP address and port are mapped to the same external IP address and port. Unlike a full cone NAT, an external host can send a packet to the internal host only if the internal host has previously sent a packet to the external host's IP address.

A port restricted cone NAT is like a restricted cone NAT, but the restriction includes port numbers. More specifically, an external host can send a packet with source IP address X and source port P to the internal host only if the internal host has previously sent a packet to the external host at IP address X and port P.

A symmetric NAT is one where all requests from the same internal IP address and port to a specific destination IP address and port are mapped to the same external IP address and port. If the same host sends a packet with the same source address and port, but to a different destination, a different mapping is used. Only the external host that receives a packet can send a UDP packet back to the internal host.

Referring to FIG. 11, a table 1100 illustrates one embodiment of a communication structure that may be used to traverse one or both of the NAT devices 1004 and 1006 of FIG. 10. The table 1100 provides five possible types for the NAT devices 1004 and 1006: no NAT, full cone, restricted cone, port restricted cone, and symmetric. It is understood that “no NAT” may indicate that no device is there, that a device is there but does not include NAT functionality, or that a device is there and any NAT functionality within the device has been disabled. Either of the NAT devices 1004 and 1006 may be on the originating side of the communication or on the terminating side. For purposes of convenience, the endpoint 104 is the originating endpoint and the endpoint 106 is the terminating endpoint, and the NAT device 1004 is the originating NAT device and the NAT device 1006 is the terminating NAT device. It is understood that the terms “endpoint” and “NAT device” may be used interchangeably in some situations. For example, sending a packet to the endpoint 106 generally involves sending a packet to the NAT device 1006, which then forwards the packet to the endpoint 106 after performing the network address translation. However, the following discussion may simply refer to sending a packet to the endpoint 106 and it will be understood that the packet must traverse the NAT device 1006.

As illustrated by the table 1100, there are twenty-five possible pairings of NAT types and establishing communication between different NAT types may require different steps. For purposes of convenience, these twenty-five pairings may be grouped based on the required steps. For example, if the originating NAT type is no NAT, full cone, restricted cone, or port restricted cone, then the originating NAT can establish communication directly with a terminating NAT type of either no NAT or full cone.

If the originating NAT type is no NAT or full cone, then the originating NAT can establish communications with a terminating NAT type of either restricted cone or port restricted cone only after using the stateless reflector 1002 to reflect a packet. This process is described below with respect to FIG. 12.

Referring to FIG. 12, the endpoint 104 wants to inform the endpoint 106, which is already logged on, that the endpoint 104 has logged on. The NAT device 1004 is either a no NAT or a full cone type and the NAT device 1006 is either a restricted cone or a port restricted cone type. Accordingly, the endpoint 104 wants to send a message to the endpoint 106, but has not received a message from the endpoint 106 that would allow the endpoint 104 to traverse the NAT device 1006.

Although not shown in FIG. 12, prior to or during authentication, the endpoints 104 and 106 both sent a request to a STUN server (e.g., the STUN server 214 of FIG. 2) (not shown in FIG. 10). The STUN server determined an outbound IP address, an external port, and a type of NAT for the endpoints 104 and 106 (in this example, for the NAT devices 1004 and 1006). The STUN server 214 then sent a STUN response back to the endpoints 104 and 106 with the collected information. The endpoints 104 and 106 then sent an authentication request to an access server (e.g., the access server 102 of FIG. 1) (not shown in FIG. 10). The request contains the information about endpoints 104 and 106 received from the STUN server 214. The access server 102 responds to the requests by sending the relevant profile and routing table to the endpoints 104 and 106. In addition, each NAT device 1004 and 1006 may have a pinhole to the STUN server 214.

In the present example, the NAT device 1004 has an external address/port of 1.1.1.1:1111 and the NAT device 1006 has an external address/port of 2.2.2.2:2222. The STUN server 214 has an address/port of 3.3.3.3:3333 and the stateless reflector has an address/port of 4.4.4.4:4444. It is understood that the STUN server and/or stateless reflector 1002 may have multiple addresses/ports.

Referring to FIG. 12 and with additional reference to FIG. 13, in step 1202, the endpoint 104 sends a packet to the stateless reflector 1002. The packet contains header information identifying the source as the endpoint 104 (or rather, the external IP address of the NAT device 1004) and the destination as the stateless reflector 1002. The packet also contains custom or supplemental header information identifying the source as the STUN server 214 and the destination as the endpoint 106. Accordingly, the IP/UDP header of the packet sent from the endpoint 104 (via the NAT device 1004) identifies its source as 1.1.1.1:1111 and its destination as 4.4.4.4:4444.

In step 1204, the stateless reflector 1002 modifies the packet header by replacing the IP/UDP header with the source and destination from the custom header. In the present example, the stateless reflector 1002 will modify the IP/UDP header to identify the packet's source as 3.3.3.3:3333 and its destination as 2.2.2.2:2222. Identifying the packet's source as the STUN server 214 enables the stateless reflector 1002 to send the packet through the pinhole in the NAT device 1006 that was created when the endpoint 106 logged on. After modifying the header, the stateless reflector 1002 sends the packet to the endpoint 106 via the NAT device 1006 in step 1206.

In step 1208, the endpoint 106 sends an acknowledgement (e.g., a 200 OK) directly to the endpoint 104. The address of the endpoint 104 is contained within the payload of the packet. The endpoint 106 is able to send the acknowledgement directly because the NAT device 1004 is either a no NAT or a full cone type. Because the endpoint 106 has opened a pinhole through the restricted or port restricted NAT device 1006 to the endpoint 104 by sending a message to the endpoint 104, the endpoint 104 is now able to communicate directly with the endpoint 106, as indicated by step 1210.

Referring again to table 1100 of FIG. 11, if the originating NAT type is either a no NAT type or a full cone type, then the originating NAT can establish communications with a terminating NAT type that is symmetric only after using the stateless reflector 1002 to reflect a packet and then performing a port capture. This process is described below with respect to FIG. 14.

Referring to FIG. 14, steps 1402, 1404, 1406, and 1408 are similar to the reflection process described with respect to FIG. 12, and will not be described in detail in the present example. Because the terminating NAT type is symmetric, the originating NAT needs the port of the terminating NAT in order to send packets through the NAT device 1006. Accordingly, in step 1410, the endpoint 104 will capture the external port used by the NAT device 1006 to send the acknowledgement in step 1408. This port, along with the address of the NAT device 1006, may then be used when communicating with the endpoint 106, as indicated by step 1412.

Referring again to table 1100 of FIG. 11, if the originating NAT type is either a restricted cone type or a port restricted cone type, then the originating NAT can establish communications with a terminating NAT type that is either restricted or port restricted by using a fake packet and then using the stateless reflector 1002 to reflect a packet. This process is described below with respect to FIG. 15.

Referring to FIG. 15, in step 1502, the endpoint 104 sends a fake packet to the endpoint 106. Because the originating NAT type is a restricted cone type or a port restricted cone type, the fake packet opens a pinhole to the terminating NAT that will allow a response from the terminating NAT to penetrate the originating NAT. After sending the fake packet, the sequence 1500 proceeds with steps 1504, 1506, 1508, and 1510, which are similar to the reflection process described with respect to FIG. 12, and will not be described in detail in the present example. The endpoints 104 and 106 may then communicate directly, as indicated by step 1512.

Referring again to table 1100 of FIG. 11, if the originating NAT type is a symmetric type, then the originating NAT can establish communications with a terminating NAT type that is either no NAT or full cone after a port capture occurs. This process is described below with respect to FIG. 16.

Referring to FIG. 16, in step 1602, the endpoint 104 (symmetric NAT type) sends a message to the endpoint 106. In step 1604, the endpoint 106 captures the external port used by the NAT device 1004 in sending the message. This port, along with the address of the NAT device 1004, may then be used when communicating with the endpoint 104 directly, as indicated by step 1606.

Referring again to table 1100 of FIG. 11, if the originating NAT type is a restricted cone type, then the originating NAT can establish communications with a terminating NAT type that is symmetric by using a fake packet, reflecting a packet using the stateless reflector 1002, and then performing a port capture. This process is described below with respect to FIG. 17.

Referring to FIG. 17, in step 1702, the endpoint 104 sends a fake packet to the endpoint 106. Because the originating NAT type is a restricted cone type, the fake packet opens a pinhole to the terminating NAT that will allow a response from the terminating NAT to penetrate the originating NAT. After sending the fake packet, the sequence 1700 proceeds with steps 1704, 1706, 1708, and 1710, which are similar to the reflection process described with respect to FIG. 12, and will not be described in detail in the present example. In step 1712, the endpoint 104 captures the external port used by the NAT device 1006 in sending the acknowledgement in step 1710. This port, along with the address of the NAT device 1006, may then be used when communicating with the endpoint 106 directly, as indicated by step 1714.

Referring again to table 1100 of FIG. 11, if the originating NAT type is a symmetric type, then the originating NAT can establish communications with a terminating NAT type that is a restricted cone type by using a reflect, a fake packet, and a port capture. This process is described below with respect to FIG. 18.

Referring to FIG. 18, steps 1802, 1804, and 1806 are similar to the reflection process described with respect to FIG. 12, and will not be described in detail in the present example. In step 1808, in response to the reflected message from the endpoint 104, the endpoint 106 sends a fake packet to the endpoint 104. Because the terminating NAT type is a restricted cone type, the fake packet opens a pinhole to the endpoint 104 to allow messages from the endpoint 104 to traverse the NAT device 1006. Accordingly, in step 1810, the endpoint 104 can send the next message directly to the endpoint 106 through the pinhole. In step 1812, the endpoint 106 captures the external port used by the NAT device 1004 to send the message in step 1810. This port, along with the address of the NAT device 1004, may then be used by the endpoint 106 when communicating directly with the endpoint 104, as indicated by step 1814.

Referring again to table 1100 of FIG. 11, if the originating NAT type is a symmetric type and the terminating NAT type is a port restricted cone, or if the originating NAT type is a port restricted cone and the terminating NAT type is symmetric, then all signaling between the two NAT devices is relayed via the stateless reflector 1002, while media is transferred via peer-to-peer, as described previously. If both the originating and terminating NAT types are symmetric, then all signaling and media are relayed via the stateless reflector 1002.

Accordingly, the peer-to-peer communications described herein may be achieved regardless of the NAT type that may be used by an endpoint. The stateless reflector 1002 need not know the information for each client, but instead reflects various packets based on information contained within the packet that is to be reflected. Both the custom header and payload may be encrypted for security purposes. However, the stateless reflector 1002 may only be able to decrypt the custom header and the payload itself may only be decrypted by the terminating endpoint. This enables the stateless reflector 1002 to perform the reflection functionality while maintaining the security of the payload itself. As described above, not all processes for traversing a NAT device may use the stateless reflector 1002.

Referring to FIGS. 19A and 19B, in another embodiment, a peer-to-peer environment 1900 includes the two endpoints 104 and 106, the two NAT devices 1004 and 1006, and the stateless reflector 1002 of FIG. 10, and another endpoint 1901. Also illustrated are three possible routes between endpoints: a private (pr) route 1902, a public (pu) route 1904, and a reflected (rl) route 1906. FIG. 19A illustrates the routes 1902, 1904, and 1906 between the endpoint 104 and the endpoint 1901, and FIG. 19B illustrates the routes between the endpoint 104 and the endpoint 106. As will be discussed below in detail, the endpoints 104, 106, and 1901 may contain logic that allows one of the three routes 1902, 1904, and 1906 to be selected in a dynamic and flexible manner rather than relying on the rule-based system described above.

A rule-based system may be fairly inflexible, as such a system generally has a clear set of rules that are defined for various NAT situations and the current relationship between the two endpoints is handled according to those rules. Network configuration changes and other modifications may require revisions to the rules, which is not convenient and may prevent the endpoints from communicating until the rules are revised. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the flexibility described below may enable the endpoints 104, 106, and 1901 to adapt to new network configurations without requiring updated rules as would be required in a strictly rule-based system. In still other embodiments, the logic within the endpoints 104, 106, and 1901 may be updated to handle new network configurations, which also provides flexibility not found in strictly rule-based systems.

Each endpoint 104, 106, and 1901 may include one or more virtual interfaces for communication with other endpoints. In the present example, there are three virtual interfaces including a private virtual interface corresponding to the private route 1902, a public virtual interface corresponding to the public route 1904, and a relay virtual interface corresponding to the relay route 1906. It is understood that the term “virtual interface” is used only for purposes of description to clarify that there are multiple possible routes. Accordingly, the term “virtual interface” need not denote separate physical network interfaces on an endpoint, but may use a single physical network interface.

As described above, each endpoint 104, 106, and 1901 is generally associated with two IP address/port pairs. The first IP address/port pair may be the local (i.e., private) IP address/port information that represents each of the endpoints 104, 106, and 1901 in the network that is “inside” the corresponding NAT device 1004 or 1006. For example, the first IP address/port pair for the endpoint 104 may be the physical address assigned to the endpoint 104 by the corresponding NAT device 1004. This first IP address/port pair corresponds to the private virtual interface and may provide access via the private route to the endpoint 104 by endpoints in the same local network (e.g., the endpoint 1901). The second IP address/port pair may be the public IP address/port information that represents each of the endpoints 104, 106, and 1901 in the network that is “outside” the corresponding NAT device 1004 or 1006. For example, the second IP address/port pair for the endpoint 104 may be the address that is returned to the endpoint 104 by the STUN server as previously described (e.g., the NAT's external IP address/port pair assigned to the endpoint 104). This second IP address/port pair for the endpoint 104 corresponds to the public virtual interface and may provide access via the public route to the endpoint 104 by endpoints both inside and outside the endpoint 104's local network. Each endpoint 104, 106, and 1901 is also aware of the address information of the reflector 1002 as described in previous embodiments, which corresponds to the relay virtual interface of the endpoints. The relay route may be used in (5,4), (4,5), and/or (5,5) conditions according to the table of FIG. 11, where one endpoint must send a packet first, but is unable to do so because the other endpoint must send a packet first.

Referring to FIG. 20, a sequence diagram illustrates one embodiment of a message sequence 2000 that may occur between the endpoints 104 and 1901 of FIG. 19A when identifying which of the routes (i.e., the private route 1902, the public route 1904, and the relay route 1906) will be used for communications. In the present example, the endpoints 104 and 1901 are in a local (i.e., private) network such as an Enterprise network, a local area network (LAN), a virtual LAN (VLAN), or a home network. This local network is isolated from the public network by the NAT device 1004 or a similar network component. Although shown as a single NAT device, it is understood that the NAT device 1004 may be a separate NAT device for each of the endpoints 104 and 1901. In contrast, the endpoint 106 is in a separate network that is only accessible by the endpoints 104 and 1901 via a public network that forms all or part of the packet network 108.

The present example uses a SIP messaging model over UDP, and so accommodates the transaction-based SIP model within connection-less UDP messaging. Because UDP is not transaction based, certain message handling processes may be used to conform to SIP standards, such as discarding multiple messages when the SIP model expects a message belonging to a specific transaction. However, it is understood that the sequence 2000 may be implemented using many different messaging models. In the present example, neither endpoint is online at the beginning of the sequence and the endpoints 104 and 1901 are “buddies.” As described above, buddies are endpoints that have both previously agreed to communicate with one another.

In steps 2002 and 2006, the endpoints 104 and 1901, respectively, send STUN requests to obtain their corresponding public IP address/port pairs (NATIP, NATPort). In the present example, the reflector 1002 is serving as a STUN server, but it is understood that the STUN server may be separate from the reflector. The reflector 1002 responds to the STUN requests with the public IP address and port information for each of the endpoints 104 and 1901 in steps 2004 and 2008, respectively.

As the two endpoints 104 and 1901 are not logged in when the present example begins, they must both authenticate with the access server 102. In step 2010, the endpoint 104 sends an authentication request to the access server 102 with its private and public IP address/port pairs. In step 2012, the access server 102 responds to the authentication request and, as described previously, returns information that includes the private and public IP addresses of any buddy endpoints that are currently logged in. However, as the endpoint 1901 has not yet logged in, the information received by the endpoint 104 from the access server 102 will not include any address information for the endpoint 1901.

In step 2014, the endpoint 1901 sends an authentication request to the access server 102 with its private and public IP address/port pairs. In step 2016, the access server 102 responds to the authentication request and, as described previously, returns information that includes the private and public IP addresses of any buddy endpoints that are currently logged in. As the endpoint 104 is currently logged in, the information received by the endpoint 1901 from the access server 102 will include the private and public address information for the endpoint 104. Although not shown, the endpoint 1901 may then send a message to the endpoint 104 informing the endpoint 104 that the endpoint 1901 is currently online. This message may contain the private and public address information of the endpoint 1901. The message may be sent via the three different routes as described below with respect to later messaging, or may be sent via one or more selected routes. For example, the message may only be relayed (i.e., sent via the relay route) due to the high chance of success of that route.

At this point, the endpoint 104 wants to establish a communication session with the endpoint 1901, but does not know which of the three routes (i.e., pr, pu, and rl) should be used. In the previously described rule-based system, the endpoint 1901 would publish its NAT information, which enables the endpoint 104 to determine how to establish a connection. However, in the present example, such information is not published and the endpoint 104 does not know whether the endpoint 1901 is in the same private network as the endpoint 104, whether the endpoint 1901 is only accessible via a public network, whether the endpoint 1901 is behind a NAT device, or, if the endpoint 1901 is behind a NAT device, the settings of the NAT device (full cone, port restricted, etc.). Accordingly, the endpoint 104 needs to dynamically determine which of the three routes to use with the endpoint 1901.

Accordingly, in step 2018, the endpoint 104 interacts with the endpoint 1901 to determine which of the three routes should be used to send messages to the endpoint 1901. Similarly, in step 2020, the endpoint 1901 interacts with the endpoint 104 to determine which of the three routes should be used to send messages to the endpoint 104, which may not be the same route as that used by the endpoint 104 to send messages to the endpoint 1901. Steps 2018 and 2020 are illustrated in greater detail below with respect to FIG. 21. In step 2022, the two endpoints communicate via the determined route(s).

Referring to FIG. 21, a sequence diagram illustrates one embodiment of a message sequence 2100 that may occur during steps 2018 and 2020 of FIG. 20 in order to determine which of the routes are to be used. The endpoint 104 may keep a table containing each buddy that is online and the route to be used for that buddy. For example, when the route is unknown, the table may have the information shown in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Buddy Endpoint Route (send-receive) 1901 unk-unk X X X X

The endpoint 104 (which is the originating endpoint in the present example) sends out three presence messages in steps 2102, 2104, and 2106. As the current example uses SIP messaging transported via UDP, the message is a SIP INFO message. More specifically, in step 2102, the endpoint 104 sends a SIP INFO message to the private IP address/port pair of the endpoint 1901 (i.e., via the private route) with an identifier such as a ‘pr’ tag to indicate the route. In step 2104, the endpoint 104 sends a SIP INFO message to the public (NAT) IP address/port pair of the endpoint 1901 (i.e., via the public route) with an identifier such as a ‘pu’ tag to indicate the route. In step 2106, the endpoint 104 sends a SIP INFO message to the endpoint 1901 via the reflector 1002 (i.e., via the relay route) with an identifier such as an ‘rl’ tag to indicate the route, which is reflected to the endpoint 1901 in step 2108.

The order in which the messages are sent may vary, but the order follows a hierarchy of desired routes in the present embodiment that places the private route first (i.e., most desirable), the public route next, and the relay route last (i.e., least desirable). However, it is understood that the order in which the messages are sent may vary or, if the endpoint 104 is capable of sending multiple messages simultaneously, the messages may be sent at the same time.

The present example assumes that the endpoint 1901 receives one or more of the messages sent in steps 2102, 2104, and 2106. If more than one message is received, the endpoint 1901 may respond only to the first one received. So, for example, if the message sent via the private route is received before the messages sent via the public and relay routes, the endpoint 1901 will respond only to the private route message and the later messages will be ignored. This reduces network traffic and provides for SIP compliance as the endpoint 104 (from a SIP perspective) expects to receive a single 200 OK message in response to its SIP INFO message. Furthermore, the response message may be sent back along the same route as the presence message to which the response is directed. So a response to the private route message will be sent back along the private route. Accordingly, only one of steps 2110A, 2110B, and 2110C-1 may occur in the present example. Step 2110C-2 is dependent on the occurrence of step 2110C-1 because the response message will not be reflected unless the relay route is used.

The response message returned by the endpoint 1901 is a SIP 200 OK message that may include the tag extracted from the received INFO message to identify which of the routes was successful (e.g., which route carried the message that was received first). For purposes of example, the private route was successful and the table may then be updated as shown in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 Buddy Endpoint Route (send-receive) 1901 pr-unk X X X X

It is noted that since the private route is successful, the two endpoints 104 and 1901 are in the same private network.

It is understood that the response message (e.g., the SIP 200 OK) may never be received by the endpoint 104. For example, the private route may not be available from the endpoint 1901 to the endpoint 104 due to network configuration settings. Accordingly, if the SIP 200 OK is not received by the endpoint 104, the endpoint 104 may execute a retransmission process that resends the presence messages along the three routes. The resending may occur a set number of times, for a set period of time, or until some other limit is reached. For example, the first set of presence messages may be sent 0.5 seconds after the initial messages are sent, the second set of messages may be sent one second after that, and each additional set of messages may be sent at time periods that are double the previous delay until a total of seven sets of messages are sent. At this time, the endpoint 104 may stop sending messages. If a response is received during the retransmission process, the endpoint 104 will stop retransmitting. However, the response message will generally be received by the endpoint 104.

The outbound SIP INFO messages and the received SIP 200 OK message inform the endpoint 104 of which route to use when sending communications to the endpoint 1901. However, this route may not work in reverse. In other words, just because the endpoint 104 can reach the endpoint 1901 via the private route (to continue the example), it does not necessarily follow that the endpoint 1901 can reach the endpoint 104 using the same route. For example, differences in the configurations of NAT devices or other network differences may mean one endpoint can be reached via a particular route even if the reverse route is not available.

Accordingly, the endpoint 1901 sends out three presence messages in steps 2112, 2114, and 2116. As the current example uses SIP messaging transported via UDP, the message is a SIP INFO message. More specifically, in step 2112, the endpoint 1901 sends a SIP INFO message to the private IP address/port pair of the endpoint 104 (i.e., via the private route). In step 2114, the endpoint 1901 sends a SIP INFO message to the public (NAT) IP address/port pair of the endpoint 104 (i.e., via the public route). In step 2116, the endpoint 1901 sends a SIP INFO message to the endpoint 104 via the reflector 1002 (i.e., via the relay route), which is reflected to the endpoint 104 in step 2118.

The present example assumes that the endpoint 104 receives one or more of the messages sent in steps 2112, 2114, and 2116. If more than one message is received, the endpoint 104 may respond only to the first one received. Accordingly, only one of steps 2120A, 2120B, and 2120C-1 may occur in the present example. Step 2120C-2 is dependent on the occurrence of step 2120C-1 because the response message will not be reflected unless the relay route is used. The response message returned by the endpoint 104 is a SIP 200 OK message that identifies which of the routes was successful (e.g., was received first).

If the first (or only) SIP INFO message received by the endpoint 104 from the endpoint 1901 is received via the same route as that used by the endpoint 104 to send messages to the endpoint 1901 (e.g., the private route), then the communication session is established with messages going both ways on that route. At this point, the table may then be updated as shown in Table 3 below:

TABLE 3 Buddy Endpoint Route (send-receive) 1901 pr-pr X X X X

However, the first (or only) SIP INFO message received by the endpoint 104 from the endpoint 1901 may be received on a different route than that used by the endpoint 104 to send messages to the endpoint 1901. When this occurs, the endpoint 104 flags this as the endpoint 1901 responded to the INFO message via one route but is now communicating via another route. For example, the endpoint 1901 responded on the private route, but is now using the public route. One possibility for this discrepancy is that there is a router or other network device interfering with the return path (i.e., the path used by the endpoint 1901 to send messages to the endpoint 104). Another possibility is that a message went faster one way than another way. For example, while the endpoint 1901 may have received the private message from the endpoint 104 (i.e., the message of step 2102 of FIG. 21) before the other messages, the endpoint 104 may have received the public message from the endpoint 1901 (i.e., the message of step 2114 of FIG. 21) before the public and relay messages.

When this occurs, the endpoint 104 may transition from the private route to the public route. This results in sending and receiving routes of pu-pu as illustrated by Table 4 below:

TABLE 4 Buddy Endpoint Route (send-receive) 1901 pu-pu X X X X

The endpoint 104 may also be configured to confirm that this transition is correct. To confirm the transition, the endpoint 104 executes a confirmation process and sends a confirmation message to the endpoint 1901 on the private route (i.e., the route that the endpoint 104 thinks it should be using to send messages to the endpoint 1901). In the present example, the confirmation message may include a SIP field named MAX_FORWARDS that defines a maximum number of hops that a packet can take before being dropped. The MAX_FORWARDS field has a standard default value of seventy, but the endpoint 104 may set the value to one (i.e., MAX_FORWARDS=1). If the response message from the endpoint 1901 is received by the endpoint 104 and has set the MAX_FORWARDS field to 0, then the endpoint 104 transitions back to the private route and uses that route for sending future messages. This results in different sending and receiving routes as illustrated by Table 5 below:

TABLE 5 Buddy Endpoint Route (send-receive) 1901 pr-pu X X X X

However, if the endpoint 104 does not receive a response message to its confirmation message, it continues using the public route. This results in sending and receiving routes of pu-pu as illustrated by Table 4 above.

Communications between the endpoints 104 and 106 as illustrated in FIG. 19B may follow the same sequence of presence messages and responses as that described above with respect to FIGS. 20 and 21. However, since the endpoints 104 and 106 are in separate networks (i.e., not the same local network), the private route 1902 is not available and the private presence messages will fail to reach their destination. The presence messages may still be sent each way on the private route as the endpoints 104 and 106 do not know the location of the other endpoint, but the messages will be dropped. For example, the NAT devices 1004 and 1006 may both be routers that have an address of 192.168.1.1 in their respective home networks. The NAT device 1004 may assign a private address of 192.168.1.10 to the endpoint 104 and the NAT device 1006 may assign a private address of 192.168.1.15 to the endpoint 106. Although these addresses appear to be in the same local network, they are not. However, as the endpoints 104 and 106 have no way of knowing whether the private addresses are in the same local network until they perform their strategic routing sequences, they may both send their private presence messages along the private route, even though the messages will both fail. Accordingly, the endpoints 104 and 106 will use the public route 1904 and/or the relay route 1906 when communicating.

Referring to FIG. 22, a flowchart illustrates one embodiment of a method 2200 that may represent a process by which an endpoint such as the endpoint 104 of FIGS. 19A and 19B establishes a connection with another endpoint as described with respect to FIGS. 20 and 21 above.

In step 2202, the endpoint 104 sends outbound presence messages on the private, public, and relay routes. The presence messages may contain identifiers such as tags or other route indicators, or the receiving endpoint may simply note which virtual interface (i.e., pr, pu, or rl) received a particular presence message and correlate the message with the route upon receipt. In step 2204, the endpoint 104 receives a response message that indicates which of the presence messages was received first. For example, the response message may include the tag from the presence message to identify the route corresponding to the received presence message. In step 2206, the endpoint 104 selects the identified route as the initial outbound route for messages being sent to the other endpoint.

In step 2208, the endpoint receives one or more inbound presence messages from the other endpoint. In step 2210, the endpoint 104 sends a response to the first received inbound presence message.

In step 2212, the endpoint 104 determines whether the inbound route of the message received in step 2210 is the same route as the initial outbound route selected in step 2206. If the routes are the same, the method 2200 continues to step 2220 and uses the initial outbound route to send messages to the other endpoint. If the routes are not the same, the method 2200 moves to step 2214 and sends a confirmation message to the other endpoint using only the initial outbound route. In step 2216, the endpoint 104 determines whether a response to the confirmation message has been received. If no response to the confirmation message has been received, the method 2200 moves to step 2218 and transitions to the inbound route as the new outbound route for messages being sent to the other endpoint. If a response to the confirmation message has been received, the method 2200 continues to step 2220 and uses the initial outbound route to send messages to the other endpoint.

In step 2222, the endpoint 104 may begin sending keep-alive messages to the other endpoint to ensure that the outbound route remains open. For example, one of the networks or NAT devices involved in the established session may undergo a configuration change or a failure while the two endpoints are online, and so an existing route may become unusable. In such a case, the endpoint may detect that the keep-alive messages are failing and so may return to step 2202 to re-establish a valid route. It is noted that the other endpoint may not need to re-establish its outbound route. For example, if the inbound and outbound routes for the endpoint 104 are different, the inbound route may remain valid even though the outbound route is invalid. Accordingly, some steps of the method 2200 may be skipped in some scenarios.

It is noted that many different variations of the method 2200 may exist. For example, the endpoint 104 may transition to the inbound route as the new outbound route if it is determined in step 2212 that the routes are not the same, rather than remaining on the initial outbound route. Then, if a response is received to the confirmation message, the endpoint 104 may transition back to the initial outbound virtual interface. Furthermore, as stated previously, the response message may never be received by the endpoint 104 and so some steps of the method 2200 may not occur or may occur in a different order as there may be no response message available to determine the initial outbound route. It is also noted that some steps of the method 2200 may be performed in a different order than shown. For example, step 2208 may occur before step 2204 depending on network latency and other factors.

Referring to FIGS. 23A and 23B, in another embodiment, the endpoints 104 and 106, the two NAT devices 1004 and 1006, and the stateless reflector 1002 of FIGS. 19A and 19B are illustrated with a tunneling server or other access device 2302 and another endpoint 2304. The tunneling server 2402 may provide access to other endpoints for an endpoint that does not have UDP access or access to another expected protocol. For example, if the endpoint 104 performs a STUN request and the request fails, the network within which the endpoint 104 is positioned may not support UDP (e.g., the network may be an Enterprise network that has disabled UDP). For purposes of illustration, the endpoints 104 and 2304 are in a private network and not separated by the NAT device 1004, and the endpoint 106 is separated from the endpoint 104 by the NAT devices 1004 and 1006.

Referring to FIG. 24, a sequence diagram illustrates one embodiment of a message sequence 2400 that may occur in the environment of FIGS. 23A and 23B to establish a connection between the endpoints 104 and 106. As with the previous discussion of FIG. 20, the endpoints 104 and 106 may each maintain a table, although this is not shown in the present example.

In step 2402, the endpoint 104 sends a STUN request that fails. Based on the failure of the STUN request, the endpoint 104 determines that the network (e.g., the NAT device 1004) has disabled UDP. It is understood that other indicators may be used to determine that UDP is not available. In step 2404, based on the unavailability of UDP, the endpoint 104 opens a TCP/IP connection (i.e., a tunnel) with the tunneling server 2302. This connection may use a port such as port 443 of the NAT device 1004, which is the default TCP port for HTTP Secure (HTTPS) connections using the Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocols. However, it is understood that port 443 is only an example and that other available ports may be used. In step 2406, the endpoint 104 requests a shadow IP address and shadow port on the tunneling server 2302. In step 2408, the tunneling server 2302 creates the shadow IP address and port and returns this information to the endpoint 104 in step 2410.

The shadow IP address and shadow port serve as the public address and port of the endpoint 104 for other endpoints. In other words, the shadow IP address/port replace the NAT IP address/port that would serve as the public contact information for the endpoint 104 in an environment in which UDP is available to the endpoint 104 (e.g., as in FIGS. 19A and 19B). In some embodiments, the shadow IP address/port pairs may be placed on a shadow list as they are provisioned and the shadow list may be available to the access server 102 and/or endpoints. In other embodiments, the access server 102 and/or endpoints may have a list or range of IP addresses/ports that are known to be shadows. In still other embodiments, the knowledge of whether an IP address/port is a shadow is not available to the access server 102 and/or endpoints.

In step 2412, the endpoint 104 authenticates with the access server 102 via the tunnel using its local IP address/port and shadow address/port information. In step 2414, the access server 102 authenticates the endpoint 104 and sends the endpoint 104 the contact information of online buddies, including corresponding private, public, and shadow IP address/port information.

Although not shown in FIG. 24, the endpoint 106 sends a request to a STUN server and receives its public IP address/port information as described with respect to the endpoints 104 and 1901 in FIG. 20. Since the endpoint 106 is successful with its STUN request, it does not need to use the tunneling server 2302. In steps 2416 and 2418, the endpoint 106 authenticates with the access server and receives the private IP address/port and shadow IP address/port of the endpoint 104. As discussed above, the endpoint 106 may or may not know that the endpoint 104 is using a shadow, depending on the particular implementation of the shadow list.

In steps 2420 and 2422, the endpoints 104 and 106 may establish a communication session as described previously with respect to FIGS. 20 and 21. However, the communications between the two endpoints 104 and 106 will use the tunnel between the endpoint 104 and the tunneling server 2302 and the corresponding shadow IP address and port for the endpoint 104.

In embodiments where the endpoint 106 knows that the endpoint 104 is using a shadow, the endpoint 106 may not send a presence message via the private route as the endpoint 106 knows that the private route is not available. In other embodiments, the endpoint 106 may send a presence message via the private route even though the route is not available.

Communications between the endpoints 104 and 2304 as illustrated in FIG. 23B may follow a similar sequence of presence messages and responses as that described above with respect to FIG. 24. However, since the endpoints 104 and 2304 are in the same local network, the private route 1902 is available and the private presence messages may reach their destinations. The endpoint 2304 may not use a relay message to try to reach the endpoint 104, since its failed STUN request will inform the endpoint 2304 that UDP is not available. In order to use the public and relay routes, the endpoint 2304 will create a tunnel with the tunneling server 2303 as described above with respect to the endpoint 104. The public and relay messages may still work via the respective tunnels of the endpoints 104 and 2304.

Referring to FIG. 25, in another embodiment, an environment 2500 is illustrated with multiple endpoints, represented by endpoint 104 (e.g., the endpoint 104 of FIG. 1), endpoint 106 (e.g., the endpoint 106 of FIG. 1), and endpoint 2502. As described previously, the endpoints 104, 106, and 2502 may communicate with one another, with an access server 102, and with various network entities (e.g., a relay server (not shown)) and/or other endpoints (not shown). Although security may not be needed in every embodiment, it may be generally desirable to secure messages sent between the endpoints 104, 106, and 2502, and between the endpoints and the access server 102. Although such security may be optional in some environments, in other environments such security may be required to prevent unauthorized individuals from accessing information being sent and received via an endpoint.

For example, the endpoints 104, 106, and 2502 may be located in smart meters or may be coupled to smart meters that form part of a smart power grid. Such grids may use information from the meters to perform such functions as allocating electrical resources from one part of the grid to another, to forecast spikes in demand, to regulate usage in the environment corresponding to a particular meter, and to perform many other functions. The endpoints may provide communication functionality to the meters. Accordingly, communications to and from the meters via the endpoints may be secured to prevent the messages being sent and received from being intercepted by unauthorized individuals and/or to prevent an unauthorized individual from tampering with the operation of a meter via a communication channel.

The access server 102 is coupled to a database 206 (e.g., the database 206 of FIG. 2a ). The database 206 may be separated from the access server 102 by a NAT device or another security device 2504 to provide additional protection for the contents of the database. The contents of the database 206 include information corresponding to each user registered with the access server 102. For purposes of example, the endpoint 104 corresponds to a user having a username of “John” in the hybrid peer-to-peer network, the endpoint 106 corresponds to a user having a username of “Jane,” and the endpoint 2502 corresponds to a user having a username of “Fred.” Each username is associated with a unique user identifier (UUID) in the database 206. John corresponds to UUID1, Jane corresponds to UUID2, and Fred corresponds to UUID3.

The database 206 may include any number of UUIDs from UUID1 (John) to UUIDn. In the present example, a UUID is an integer uniquely associated with a particular username and may be used within the peer-to-peer network rather than the username for some processes.

While John may use the endpoint 104 to contact username Jane (e.g., using a command such as “dial Jane”) in the hybrid peer-to-peer network, the access server 102 may use the database 206 to identify Jane as UUID2 and may use the UUID rather than the username. In the present embodiment, encryption is based on the UUID.

Each UUID is tied to an encryption key. The key may be generated in many different ways and may be of length n. As is known, longer keys are generally more secure than shorter keys as long as the underlying algorithm for generating the key is sound. Therefore, security with respect to the key itself may be strengthened by increasing the size of n (i.e., increasing the length of the key). In the present example, n can be any size as long as it is sufficient to provide the needed level of security.

To generate the key for a particular endpoint, a standard algorithm may be applied to the UUID or may be generated in any other way that provides a unique key for that endpoint. For example, a one-way cryptographic hash function such as the Message-Digest 5 algorithm (MD5) or the Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) may be applied to the UUID to form a key. Various levels of manipulation may be performed on the key in order to arrive at a final usable key. For example, a particular number of bytes from the base key may be used to form the usable key. In the present example, the usable key equals sixteen bytes.

Referring to FIG. 26, a sequence diagram illustrates one embodiment of a message sequence 2600 that may occur in the environment 2500 of FIG. 25. Messages passing between the endpoints 104, 106, and/or 2502 are to be encrypted in order to communicate securely. The message sequence 2600 begins with the endpoints 104, 106, and 2502 being offline. The endpoint 104 is buddies with the endpoints 106 and 2502. Each endpoint 104, 106, and 2502 is configured to reject incoming messages that are not encrypted using their corresponding encryption key.

In steps 2602 and 2604, the endpoint 104 logs into the network and receives its profile and routing table from the access server 102 as described in previous embodiments. As the endpoints 106 and 2502 are not yet online, they are not included in the routing information received by the endpoint 104, but the endpoint 104 may receive the last assigned UUIDs for the other endpoints. The endpoint 104 may receive its own encryption key (i.e., the encryption key corresponding to UUID1) from the access server 102 at this point or may have already stored the encryption key based on a previous login.

In steps 2606 and 2608, the endpoint 106 logs into the network and receives its profile and routing table from the access server 102. As the endpoint 104 is online, its information is included in the profile and routing table sent to the endpoint 106. This information may include the encryption key for the endpoint 104 since the endpoints 104 and 106 are buddies. In other embodiments, the endpoint 106 may already have the encryption key for the endpoint 104 from a previous login. The endpoint 106 may receive its own encryption key (i.e., the encryption key corresponding to UUID2) from the access server 102 at this point or may have already stored the encryption key based on a previous login.

In step 2610, the endpoint 106 sends a message to the endpoint 104 informing the endpoint 104 that the endpoint 106 is online. The endpoint 106 may include its encryption key in this message. For example, if the access server 102 assigns a new encryption key to an endpoint each time the endpoint logs in to the hybrid peer-to-peer network, then the endpoint 106 will need to notify the endpoint 104 of the encryption key that was newly assigned to the endpoint 106. Although not shown, it is understood that the message sent in step 2610 may be encrypted using the encryption key for the endpoint 104.

In step 2612, the endpoint 104 prepares a message to send to the endpoint 106. Prior to sending the message, the endpoint 104 encrypts the message using the encryption key for the endpoint 106 (i.e., the encryption key corresponding to UUID2). In step 2614, the endpoint 104 sends the encrypted message to the endpoint 106. Similarly, step 2616, the endpoint 106 prepares a message to send to the endpoint 104. Prior to sending the message, the endpoint 106 encrypts the message using the encryption key for the endpoint 104 (i.e., the encryption key corresponding to UUID1). In step 2618, the endpoint 106 sends the encrypted message to the endpoint 104.

In steps 2620 and 2622, the endpoint 2502 logs into the network and receives its profile and routing table from the access server 102. As the endpoint 104 is online, its information is included in the profile and routing table sent to the endpoint 2502. This information may include the encryption key for the endpoint 104 since the endpoints 104 and 2502 are buddies. In other embodiments, the endpoint 2502 may already have the encryption key for the endpoint 104 from a previous login. The endpoint 2502 may receive its encryption key (i.e., the encryption key corresponding to UUID3) from the access server 102 at this point, or may have already stored the encryption key based on a previous login.

In step 2624, the endpoint 2502 sends a message to the endpoint 104 informing the endpoint 104 that the endpoint 2502 is online. The endpoint 2502 may include its encryption key in this message if needed. For example, if the access server 102 assigns a new encryption key to an endpoint each time the endpoint logs in to the hybrid peer-to-peer network, then the endpoint 2502 will need to notify the endpoint 104 of the encryption key that was newly assigned to the endpoint 2502. Although not shown, it is understood that the message sent in step 2624 may be encrypted using the encryption key for the endpoint 104.

In step 2626, the endpoint 2502 prepares a message to send to the endpoint 104. Prior to sending the message, the endpoint 2502 encrypts the message using the encryption key for the endpoint 104 (i.e., the encryption key corresponding to UUID1). In step 2628, the endpoint 2502 sends the encrypted message to the endpoint 104. Similarly, step 2630, the endpoint 104 prepares a message to send to the endpoint 2502. Prior to sending the message, the endpoint 104 encrypts the message using the encryption key for the endpoint 2502 (i.e., the encryption key corresponding to UUID3). In step 2632, the endpoint 104 sends the encrypted message to the endpoint 2502.

Accordingly, messages are encrypted using the receiving endpoint's encryption key prior to sending and incoming messages that are not encrypted using the receiving endpoint's encryption key are rejected by the receiving endpoint. Although not shown, an endpoint may obtain an encryption key for another endpoint directly from the access server 102 if needed. For example, if the endpoint 104 wants to send a buddy request to another endpoint, the endpoint 104 may obtain the other endpoint's encryption key when it obtains the routing information for the other endpoint from the access server 102. As all incoming messages that are not encrypted may be rejected, an unencrypted buddy request may not be processed by the receiving endpoint.

Referring to FIG. 27, a sequence diagram illustrates one embodiment of a message sequence 2700 that may occur in the environment 2500 of FIG. 25. In the present example, keys may be changed by the access server 102 and/or individual endpoints (e.g., the endpoints 104, 106, and 2502). This prevents a single key corresponding to an endpoint from being subjected to a sustained attack. However, key changes can present problems because one endpoint (e.g., the endpoint 104) may change its key before another endpoint (e.g., the endpoint 106) is aware of the change. This means that the endpoint 106 may send messages to the endpoint 104 using the previous encryption key and the endpoint 104 will reject the messages. This may be a particular problem in a UDP environment such as that of the current embodiment of FIG. 25, because UDP does not include a mechanism for ensuring that messages are received at the destination. Therefore, a plain UDP message containing an encryption key change notification or an acknowledgement may simply fail to reach its destination or may reach its destination out of sequence and after other events have occurred. However, UDP may provide advantages with respect to robustness, setup overhead, and other factors and so may be a desirable protocol for the environment 2500.

In the present embodiment, the endpoints 104, 106, and 2502 are configured to communicate via UDP with state machines based on a SIP transaction model. It is understood that other models and protocols may be used. In order to avoid the problem of the endpoint 104 changing its encryption key before the endpoint 106 can catch up, the current example uses the transaction based model to ensure that key changes are synchronized between endpoints.

Accordingly, in steps 2702 and 2704, the access server 102 sends a key change message to the endpoints 104 and 106, respectively. The access server 102 may send the message based on the occurrence of a defined condition (e.g., the expiration of a system-wide or endpoint-specific timer, a certain number of successful or unsuccessful logins or login attempts, network activity indicating a potential security issue, or any other desired condition). For example, if there is a key change timer corresponding to each endpoint, the endpoints 104 and 106 may fall into one timer range, while the endpoint 2502 may fall into another range and so not need to change its encryption key when the messages of steps 2702 and 2704 are sent. In other embodiments, the endpoints 104 and 106 may initiate the key change themselves and may either request a new encryption key from the access server 102 or execute a process to generate a new encryption key themselves. The key changes may also occur in a randomized manner.

In step 2706, the endpoint 104 sends a defined state message such as an INVITE message to the endpoint 106. The INVITE message identifies that the endpoint 104 is going to change encryption keys. Because the endpoint 106 also needs to change encryption keys, it sends an INVITE to the endpoint 104. It is possible that the INVITE messages will both the sent very close together and so may cross each other en route to their respective destination endpoint. If both endpoints 104 and 106 attempt to immediately change the encryption keys based on the INVITE messages, there may be a problem as a key change may occur without notification and/or verification by the opposite endpoint. However, one INVITE message was sent first and, in this case, it was the INVITE message sent in step 2706 from the endpoint 104 to the endpoint 106.

Accordingly, in step 2710, the endpoint 104 ignores the INVITE message from the endpoint 106, which was sent after the INVITE message sent from the endpoint 104 to the endpoint 106. In step 2712, the endpoint 106 determines that the INVITE message from the endpoint 104 was sent prior to its own INVITE message and backs off from changing the encryption key. In other words, the endpoint 106 stops the process of changing its own encryption key.

In some embodiments, both endpoints may back off from the key change. For example, messaging may occur based on standard SIP timing. If the endpoint 104 receives the INVITE of step 2708 within a certain period of time (e.g., 0.5 seconds) after sending the INVITE of step 2706, the endpoint 104 may also back off from the key change. If this occurs, the endpoints 104 and 106 and/or the access server 102 may take an amount of time (i.e., a delta t) and add a random interval to delta t for one or both endpoints in an attempt to prevent such crossovers from occurring again.

In step 2714, the endpoint 106 sends a message such as a 100 TRY message to the endpoint 104. In step 2716, the endpoint 106 sends a message such as a 200 OK message to notify the endpoint 104 that it accepts the encryption key change on the endpoint 104. In step 2718, the endpoint 104 acknowledges the 200 OK and, in step 2720, changes its encryption key. In step 2722, the endpoint 104 sends a message to the access server 102 to update the UUID1 associated with the endpoint 104. This update enables the access server 102 to present the correct encryption key to buddy endpoints that log on after the endpoint 104. In step 2724, based on the ACK received from the endpoint 104 in step 2718, the endpoint 106 encrypts a message for the endpoint 104 using the new encryption key for UUID1 (i.e., the endpoint 104) and sends the message in step 2726. In step 2728, the endpoint 104 encrypts a message for the endpoint 106 using the old encryption key because the endpoint 106 backed off changing the key. In step 2730, the endpoint 104 sends the message to the endpoint 106.

Although not shown, it is understood that similar encryption key change messages may be sent from the endpoint 104 to the endpoint 2502 and all other buddies of the endpoint 104 that are online. However, since the endpoint 2502 did not receive a key change message, there will be no race condition as there was with the endpoint 106. It is noted that during a key change, for a period of delta y, there may be thirty-two keys for an endpoint (i.e., sixteen old keys and sixteen new keys) using the example of a sixteen byte key that is rotated by bytes in a round robin manner. So for this period of time, the endpoint rotates thirty-two keys. Once this period of time ends, the endpoint uses the sixteen new keys and drops the sixteen old keys.

Referring to FIG. 28, a flow chart illustrates one embodiment of a method 2800 that may be used by the endpoint 104 to send messages to another endpoint within the environment of FIG. 25, such as the endpoint 106. The endpoints 104 and 106 are buddies.

In step 2802, the method 2800 obtains an encryption key for a destination endpoint. This may occur when the endpoint 104 logs into the access server 102, when the endpoint 104 receives an online presence message from the endpoint 106 indicating that the endpoint 106 has come online, or in any other way in which the endpoint 104 may be configured to obtain the encryption key. If the endpoint 104 has previously obtained the encryption key and stored it, then step 2802 may either have previously occurred or may involve retrieving the key from memory associated with the endpoint 104.

In step 2804, a determination is made as to whether a key change is needed. The key change may be for the encryption key for the endpoint 104 (i.e., the key corresponding to UUID1) or may be a key change for another endpoint. If a key change is needed, the method 2800 moves to step 2806 and performs the key change. As described previously with respect to FIG. 27, this may involve a series of messages to ensure that the endpoints 104 and 106 perform the key change in a synchronized manner in order to avoid communication problems that may occur if one endpoint changes a key but the other endpoint does not. Once finished with the key change process, the method 2800 continues to step 2808. If no key change is needed as determined in step 2804, then the method 2800 moves directly to step 2808.

In step 2808, a determination is made as to whether there is a message to send to the endpoint 106. If there is no message to send, the method 2800 returns to step 2804. Is there is a message to send, the message is encrypted in step 2810 using the current encryption key for the destination endpoint. In step 2812, the message is sent to the destination endpoint. In step 2814, the current key is rotated to form a new current key. The method 2800 then returns to step 2804.

The key rotation may be performed in many different ways to form multiple keys from a single key. For example, using the previously described sixteen byte usable key, rotation may involve the endpoint 104 shifting all bytes down one and moving the last byte to the first byte. This provides sixteen different keys for the endpoint 104 based on the single generated sixteen byte key. Many different rotations may be used and the rotation may be random in some embodiments. The endpoint 104 rotates through the key iterations as it sends the messages and the endpoint 106 must check to see which iteration is needed to decrypt the message.

Referring to FIG. 29, a flow chart illustrates one embodiment of a method 2900 that may be used by the endpoint 104 to receive messages from another endpoint within the environment of FIG. 25, such as the endpoint 106. The endpoints 104 and 106 are buddies.

In step 2902, the method 2900 obtains an encryption key for the endpoint 104. This may occur when the endpoint 104 logs into the access server 102 or in any other way in which the endpoint 104 may be configured to obtain the encryption key. If the endpoint 104 has previously obtained the encryption key and stored it, then step 2902 may either have previously occurred or may involve retrieving the key from memory associated with the endpoint 104.

In step 2904, an encrypted message is received and, in step 2906, the current encryption key for the endpoint 104 is applied to the message in an attempt to decrypt the message. In step 2908, a determination is made as to whether the current encryption key is the correct key. Because the sending endpoint 104 is rotating the key, the endpoint 104 may not be applying the correct key to the message even though the message was encrypted using the correct key. In other words, there may be multiple correct keys depending on where each of the sending and receiving keys endpoints in the key rotation process. If the current key is not the correct key, the method 2900 moves to step 2910 and a determination is made as to whether all possible keys iterations have been tried. This may entail determining whether each possible rotation has been made and used in an attempt to decrypt the message. If all keys have been tried, the method 2900 moves to step 2914 and rejects the message.

If key iterations remain to be tried, the method 2900 moves to step 2912 and rotates the key to the next iteration before returning to step 2906 and attempting to decrypt the message using the new current key. This process of attempting to decrypt the message, rotating the key, and attempting with the new key may continue until the message is successfully decrypted or until no more key iterations remain to be tried.

If the correct key is found as determined in step 2908, the method 2900 moves to step 2916. In step 2916, a determination may be made as to whether the decrypted message is a correct message type. For example, the endpoint 104 may be configured to use standard SIP messaging when communicating with other endpoints. If the decrypted message is not a standard SIP message, then it is not a correct message type. In some embodiments, the message may also be compared against the state machine to determine whether the message is in the correct state context. This may aid in rejecting messages that are formatted correctly but are not synchronized with the state of the endpoint 104.

If the message is not a correct message type, the method 2900 moves to step 2914 and rejects the message. If the message is a correct message type, the method 2900 moves to step 2918 and processes the message.

An additional security layer is provided by the transaction model used by the endpoints. More specifically, each endpoint 104, 106, and 2502 includes a state machine that enables the corresponding endpoint to know the state of a current transaction. For example, in the encryption key change transaction of FIG. 27, messages should correspond to the proper state of the state machine. As an illustration, the endpoint 104 sends an INVITE in step 2706 and then expects a 100 TRY response as the next state in the state machine. If the next message is not a 100 TRY response, the endpoint 104 is aware that the state machine is not being followed. Accordingly, in order to gain control of an endpoint, inject unauthorized packets, or perform other unauthorized activities, it may be necessary to know which state the endpoint 104 is currently in and what the next state or states should be. This makes unauthorized access more difficult than it would be if the state machine context was not required.

Referring to FIG. 30, one embodiment of a computer system 3000 is illustrated. The computer system 3000 is one possible example of a system component or device such as an endpoint or an access server. The computer system 3000 may include a central processing unit (“CPU”) 3002, a memory unit 3004, an input/output (“I/O”) device 3006, and a network interface 3008. The components 3002, 3004, 3006, and 3008 are interconnected by a transport system (e.g., a bus) 3010. A power supply (PS) 3012 may provide power to components of the computer system 3000, such as the CPU 3002 and memory unit 3004. It is understood that the computer system 3000 may be differently configured and that each of the listed components may actually represent several different components. For example, the CPU 3002 may actually represent a multi-processor or a distributed processing system; the memory unit 3004 may include different levels of cache memory, main memory, hard disks, and remote storage locations; the I/O device 3006 may include monitors, keyboards, and the like; and the network interface 3008 may include one or more network cards providing one or more wired and/or wireless connections to the packet network 108 (FIG. 1). Therefore, a wide range of flexibility is anticipated in the configuration of the computer system 3000.

The computer system 3000 may use any operating system (or multiple operating systems), including various versions of operating systems provided by Microsoft (such as WINDOWS), Apple (such as Mac OS X), UNIX, and LINUX, and may include operating systems specifically developed for handheld devices, personal computers, and servers depending on the use of the computer system 3000. The operating system, as well as other instructions (e.g., for the endpoint engine 252 of FIG. 2 if an endpoint), may be stored in the memory unit 3004 and executed by the processor 3002. For example, if the computer system 3000 is the endpoint 104, the memory unit 3004 may include instructions for sending and receiving secure messages and communicating with the endpoints 106 and 2502 and the access server 102.

Accordingly, in an environment such as a resource distribution system, multiple endpoints may be distributed with meters in a smart grid. For example, the smart grid may be a smart power grid with power meters, or may handle other types of resources (e.g., water, gas, and fuel) and the meters may be appropriate for the resource being distributed. The endpoints may provide communication functionality for their respective meters with one or more locations. It is understood that the locations may be centralized and may communicate with the endpoints using one or more endpoints located at the central locations, so that all communications are occurring between endpoints.

An endpoint may be a self-contained unit (e.g., such as the computer system 3000 of FIG. 30) that is coupled to or otherwise integrated with a meter. An endpoint may be coupled to the meter via a wired and/or wireless connection. Alternatively, the endpoint may be part of the meter itself. For example, the endpoint may be in the form of computer readable instructions that are stored on a memory of the meter and hardware forming the meter may be used to execute the instructions to provide the meter with the functionality of the endpoint.

The endpoints may be provisioned during installation or at a later time. The provisioning may include registering the user, storing an UUID for the user, and performing other functions needed to establish communications with the endpoint. The endpoint may communicate with other endpoints and/or with one or more central locations.

Presence messages may be used to determine a current status of an endpoint and the corresponding meter. For example, if a keep-alive message is not received within a certain time frame, the endpoint may be identified as being unavailable. This enables any issues with the endpoint and/or meter to be identified and addressed without requiring a physical status check of each meter to determine whether the meter is operating properly.

Accordingly, communications by endpoints forming the smart grid may be secured due to the use of security elements such as the use of n length keys, key rotation, and the introduction of new keys into the system as described herein. Accordingly, messages sent and received by endpoints within the smart grid may be secure and the payload of such messages protected, while still allowing for a robust communication architecture that is easily scalable.

In another embodiment, a method for changing an encryption key in a hybrid peer-to-peer network comprises: receiving, by a first endpoint, an instruction to change from a first encryption key to a second encryption key; sending, by the first endpoint, a first message to a second endpoint that the first endpoint is going to change to the second encryption key, wherein the first message is defined for use with a transactional state model and includes information representing the second encryption key; receiving, by the first endpoint, in response to the first message, a second message from the second endpoint indicating that the second endpoint received the first message, wherein the second message is defined for use with the transactional state model; sending, by the first endpoint, a third message to the second endpoint acknowledging receipt of the second message, wherein the third message is defined for use with the transactional state model; and changing, by the first endpoint, from the first encryption key to the second encryption key, wherein all incoming messages for the first endpoint are to be encrypted using the second encryption key. The method may further comprise receiving, by the first endpoint, a fourth message from the second endpoint, wherein the fourth message is encrypted using the second encryption key; applying a first key iteration of the second encryption key to the fourth message to determine if the first key iteration will decrypt the fourth message, wherein the second encryption key is used by the first endpoint to form a plurality of key iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of key iterations is a valid encryption key for the first endpoint; if the first key iteration will not decrypt the fourth message, rotating the second encryption key to form a next key iteration from the second encryption key; applying the next key iteration to the fourth message to determine if the next key iteration will decrypt the fourth message; as long as untried key iterations are available, continuing the steps of rotating and applying for each key iteration until the fourth message is decrypted; and rejecting the fourth message if no untried key iterations exist and the fourth message is not decrypted. The method may further comprise determining whether the decrypted fourth message is a correct message type; and rejecting the fourth message if it is not the correct message type. The correct message type may be a Session Initiation Protocol message. The transactional state model may be a Session Initiation Protocol model and the first, second, and third messages may be carried via the User Datagram Protocol. The method may further comprise receiving, by the first endpoint, a fourth message from the second endpoint that the second endpoint is going to change from a third encryption key to a fourth encryption key. The method may further comprise ignoring, by the first endpoint, the fourth message if the first message was sent before the fourth message. The method may further comprise determining, by the first endpoint, whether the first message and fourth message were sent within a defined period of time relative to one another, wherein the first endpoint does not change to the second encryption key if the first message and fourth message were sent within the defined period of time relative to one another. The method may further comprise receiving, by the first endpoint, a time offset to avoid a future collision with the second endpoint during a next key change event. The method may further comprise sending, by the first endpoint, in response to the fourth message, a fifth message to the second endpoint indicating that the first endpoint received the fourth message, wherein the fifth message is defined for use with the transactional state model; receiving, by the first endpoint, a sixth message from the second endpoint acknowledging receipt of the fifth message, wherein the sixth message is defined for use with the transactional state model; and changing, by the first endpoint, from the third encryption key to the fourth encryption key, wherein all messages to be sent from the first endpoint to the second endpoint are to be encrypted using the fourth encryption key. The method may further comprise rotating through a plurality of key iterations based on the fourth encryption key, wherein each of the plurality of key iterations is a valid encryption key for the second endpoint, and wherein each message sent from the first endpoint to the second endpoint uses a different key iteration than the previous message. The method may further comprise obtaining, by the first endpoint, the second encryption key from an access server via a secure channel.

In yet another embodiment, a method for receiving a secure message in a hybrid peer-to-peer network comprises obtaining, by a first endpoint, a second base encryption key associated with the first endpoint after receiving an order from an access server to change from a first base encryption key to a second base encryption key, wherein the second base encryption key is to be used by the first endpoint to form a plurality of key iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of key iterations is a valid encryption key for the first endpoint; receiving, by the first endpoint, an encrypted message from a second endpoint; applying a first key iteration of the second base encryption key to the encrypted message to determine if the first key iteration will decrypt the encrypted message; if the first key iteration will not decrypt the message, rotating the encryption key to form a next key iteration from the second base encryption key; applying the next key iteration to the encrypted message to determine if the next key iteration will decrypt the encrypted message; as long as untried key iterations are available, continuing the steps of rotating and applying for each key iteration until the message is decrypted; and rejecting the encrypted message if no untried key iterations exist and the message is not decrypted. The method may further comprise determining, by the first endpoint after decrypting the encrypted message, whether the decrypted message is a correct message type; and rejecting the decrypted message if it is not the correct message type. The correct message type may be a Session Initiation Protocol message. The method may further comprise determining, by the first endpoint if the decrypted message is a correct message type, whether the decrypted message is associated with a current state of a state machine of the first endpoint; and rejecting the decrypted message if it is not associated with a current state of the state machine.

In still another embodiment, a system comprises a network interface; a processor coupled to the network interface; and a memory coupled to the processor and containing a plurality of instructions for execution by the processor, the instructions including instructions for configuring a first endpoint stored at least partially in the memory for secure communications between the first endpoint and a second endpoint by: obtaining, by the first endpoint, a second base encryption key associated with the first endpoint after receiving an order from an access server to change from a first base encryption key to a second base encryption key, wherein the second base encryption key is to be used by the first endpoint to form a plurality of key iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of key iterations is a valid encryption key for the first endpoint; receiving, by the first endpoint, an encrypted message from a second endpoint; applying a first key iteration of the second base encryption key to the encrypted message to determine if the first key iteration will decrypt the encrypted message; if the first key iteration will not decrypt the message, rotating the encryption key to form a next key iteration from the second base encryption key; applying the next key iteration to the encrypted message to determine if the next key iteration will decrypt the encrypted message; as long as untried key iterations are available, continuing the steps of rotating and applying for each key iteration until the message is decrypted; and rejecting the encrypted message if no untried key iterations exist and the message is not decrypted. The system may be configured for coupling to a power meter. The system may be a power meter.

While the preceding description shows and describes one or more embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. For example, various steps illustrated within a particular sequence diagram or flow chart may be combined or further divided. In addition, steps described in one diagram or flow chart may be incorporated into another diagram or flow chart. Some steps may be performed in an order different from that shown and/or may overlap. Furthermore, the described functionality may be provided by hardware and/or software, and may be distributed or combined into a single platform. Additionally, functionality described in a particular example may be achieved in a manner different than that illustrated, but is still encompassed within the present disclosure. Therefore, the claims should be interpreted in a broad manner, consistent with the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for changing an encryption key in a hybrid peer-to-peer network comprising: receiving, by a first endpoint, an instruction to change from a first encryption key to a second encryption key, wherein each of the first and second encryption keys is used by the first and second endpoints to form a plurality of known key iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of known key iterations is a valid encryption key for the first endpoint; and changing, by the first endpoint, from the first encryption key to the second encryption key, wherein all incoming messages for the first endpoint are to be encrypted using the second encryption key, and wherein both the first and second encryption keys are used to decrypt messages received by the first endpoint until a defined period of time has elapsed since the second encryption key was replaced by the first encryption key.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: sending, by the first endpoint, a first message to a second endpoint that the first endpoint is going to change to the second encryption key, wherein the first message is defined for use with a transactional state model and includes information representing the second encryption key; receiving, by the first endpoint, in response to the first message, a second message from the second endpoint indicating that the second endpoint received the first message, wherein the second message is defined for use with the transactional state model; and sending, by the first endpoint, a third message to the second endpoint acknowledging receipt of the second message, wherein the third message is defined for use with the transactional state model.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: receiving, by the first endpoint, a message from the second endpoint that is encrypted using the second encryption key; applying, by the first endpoint, a first key iteration of the first encryption key to the message to determine if the first key iteration will decrypt the message; rotating, by the first endpoint, the first encryption key to form a next key iteration from the first encryption key if the first key iteration will not decrypt the message; applying, by the first endpoint, the next key iteration to the message to determine if the next key iteration will decrypt the message; and as long as untried key iterations are available, continuing the steps of rotating and applying for each key iteration until either the message is decrypted or the first endpoint fails to decrypt the message after trying all possible key iterations.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the first encryption key has a fixed number of bytes, and wherein rotating the first encryption key includes shifting each of the bytes in a predefined direction.
 5. The method of claim 3 wherein each rotation of the first encryption key randomly selects an iteration of the first encryption key, and wherein an iteration can be repeated before every iteration is used.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein every iteration of the first encryption key is used before any iteration is repeated.
 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising: encrypting, by the first endpoint, a message using a first iteration of a third encryption key corresponding to the second endpoint, wherein the third encryption key is used by the first and second endpoints to form a plurality of known key iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of known key iterations is a valid encryption key for the second endpoint; and sending, by the first endpoint, the message to the second endpoint.
 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising: rotating, by the first endpoint, the third encryption key to form a second iteration of the third encryption key; encrypting, by the first endpoint, a second message using the second iteration of the third encryption key; and sending, by the first endpoint, the second message to the second endpoint.
 9. A method for identifying a correct encryption key comprising: applying, by a first endpoint, a first key iteration of a first encryption key to a first message to determine if the first key iteration will decrypt the first message; rotating, by the first endpoint, the first encryption key to form a next key iteration from the first encryption key if the first key iteration will not decrypt the first message; applying, by the first endpoint, the next key iteration to the first message to determine if the next key iteration will decrypt the first message; and as long as untried key iterations are available, continuing the steps of rotating and applying for each key iteration until either the first message is decrypted or the first endpoint fails to decrypt the first message after trying all possible key iterations.
 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising receiving, by the first endpoint from a second endpoint, the first message that is encrypted using the first encryption key corresponding to the first endpoint, wherein the first encryption key is used by the first and second endpoints to form a plurality of known key iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of known key iterations is a valid encryption key for the first endpoint.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein each message received from the second endpoint uses a different key iteration than the previous message.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein each rotation of the first encryption key by the second endpoint randomly selects an iteration of the first encryption key, and wherein an iteration can be repeated before every iteration is used.
 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the first encryption key replaces a second encryption key that was in use by the first endpoint immediately prior to the first encryption key, the method further comprising: determining, by the first endpoint, that a defined period of time has not ended since the second encryption key was replaced by the first encryption key; and attempting to decrypt the first message with the second encryption key as well as the first encryption key.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein attempting to decrypt the first message with the second encryption key includes: applying, by the first endpoint, a first key iteration of the second encryption key to the first message to determine if the first key iteration of the second encryption key will decrypt the first message; rotating, by the first endpoint, the second encryption key to form a next key iteration of the second encryption key from the second encryption key if the first key iteration of the second encryption key will not decrypt the first message; applying, by the first endpoint, the next key iteration of the second encryption key to the first message to determine if the next key iteration of the second encryption key will decrypt the first message; and as long as untried key iterations are available, continuing the steps of rotating and applying for each key iteration of the second encryption key until either the first message is decrypted or the first endpoint fails to decrypt the first message after trying all possible key iterations of the second encryption key.
 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the first encryption key replaces a second encryption key that was in use by the first endpoint immediately prior to the first encryption key, the method further comprising: determining, by the first endpoint, that a defined period of time has ended since the second encryption key was replaced by the first encryption key; and attempting to decrypt the first message with only the first encryption key and not the second encryption key, wherein the first endpoint would also attempt to decrypt the first message using the second encryption key if the defined period of time had not ended.
 16. The method of claim 9 further comprising: encrypting, by the first endpoint, a second message using a first iteration of a second encryption key corresponding to a second endpoint, wherein the second encryption key is used by the first and second endpoints to form a plurality of known key iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of known key iterations is a valid encryption key for the second endpoint; and sending, by the first endpoint, the second message to the second endpoint.
 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising: rotating, by the first endpoint, the second encryption key to form a second iteration of the second encryption key; encrypting, by the first endpoint, a third message using the second iteration of the second encryption key; and sending, by the first endpoint, the third message to the second endpoint.
 18. The method of claim 9 wherein the first encryption key has a fixed number of bytes, and wherein rotating the first encryption key includes shifting each of the bytes in a predefined direction.
 19. The method of claim 9 wherein every iteration of the first encryption key is used before any iteration is repeated.
 20. The method of claim 9 wherein, if the first message is decrypted, the method further comprises: determining, by the first endpoint, whether the first message corresponds to a current state of a state machine of the first endpoint; and rejecting the first message if the first message does not correspond to the current state. 